Indian Evidence Act, 1872
IEA Section 115 in BSA
Estoppel. Section 115 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (Estoppel) corresponds to Section 121 of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.
Verify before you rely on this. Renumbering under the 2023 codes is not a clean one-to-one exercise — provisions were merged, split and reworded. Always check the printed bare act.
Where this sits in the exam
This provision is examined under Evidence Act & Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, worth 8 of the 100 marks in AIBE XXII. The paper permits bare acts but bans notes, so what matters is finding it quickly, not reciting the number.
Questions that turn on this section
Estoppel is dealt with under:
Answer & explanation
Section 121 BSA
BSA Section 121 corresponds to IEA Section 115. Where a person has by declaration, act or omission intentionally caused another to believe a thing to be true and to act on it, neither he nor his representative may deny its truth.
An estoppel under Section 121 BSA arises where:
Answer & explanation
A person has by declaration or conduct caused another to believe and act on a thing
Estoppel is a rule of evidence, not a cause of action; it prevents denial, it does not create a right.
Sections either side of it
How the neighbouring provisions of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 were renumbered:
| IEA | Provision | BSA |
|---|---|---|
| 113B | Presumption as to dowry death | 118 |
| 114 | Court may presume existence of certain facts | 119 |
| 114A | Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecutions for rape | 120 |
| 116 | Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possession | 122 |
| 118 | Who may testify | 124 |
| 119 | Witness unable to communicate verbally | 125 |
Practise it
Cutoff has AIBE XXII questions on this area, each cited to both codes with a line telling you where to find it in the bare act. Ten questions per subject are free, no account needed.
Practise free Full IEA→BSA table